Abstract
Gene targeting provides a powerful means for studying gene function by a reverse genetic approach. Despite recent rapid progress in gene knockdown technologies, gene knockout studies using human somatic cells will be of greater importance for analyzing the functions of human genes in greater detail. Although the frequency of gene targeting is typically very low in human cultured cells, we have recently shown that a human precursor B cell line, Nalm-6, exceptionally allows for high-efficiency gene targeting by homologous recombination. In addition, we have developed a quick and simplified method to construct gene-targeting vectors, which is applicable to all sequenced organisms as well as embryonic stem cells. The combination of the simplified vector construction technology and the highly efficient gene-knockout system using Nalm-6 cells has enabled us to disrupt virtually any locus of the human genome within one month. Our system will greatly facilitate gene-knockout studies in human cells.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Capecchi, M. R. (1989) Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244, 1288–1292.
Vasquez, K. M., Marburger, K., Intody, Z., and Wilson, J. H. (2001) Manipulating the mammalian genome by homologous recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8403–8410.
Yanez, R. J. and Porter, A. C. (1998) Therapeutic gene targeting. Gene Ther. 5, 149–159.
Iiizumi, S., Nomura, Y., So, S., et al. (2006) Simple one-week method to construct gene-targeting vectors: application to production of human knockout cell lines. Biotechniques 41, 311–316.
Grawunder, U., Zimmer, D., Fugmann, S., Schwarz, K., and Lieber, M. R. (1998) DNA ligase IV is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA double-strand break repair in human precursor lymphocytes. Mol. Cell 2, 477–484.
So, S., Adachi, N., Lieber, M. R., and Koyama, H. (2004) Genetic interactions between BLM and DNA ligase IV in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 55,433–55,442.
Uegaki, K., Adachi, N., So, S., Iiizumi, S., and Koyama, H. (2006) Heterozygous inactivation of human Ku70/Ku86 heterodimer does not affect cell growth, double-strand break repair, or genome integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 5, 303–311.
Adachi, N., So, S., Iiizumi, S., et al. (2006) The human pre-B cell line Nalm-6 is highly proficient in gene targeting by homologous recombination. DNA Cell Biol. 25, 19–24.
Hurwitz, R., Hozier, J., LeBien, T., et al. (1979) Characterization of a leukemic cell line of the pre-B phenotype. Int. J. Cancer 23, 174–180.
Wlodarska, I., Aventin, A., Ingles-Esteve, J., et al. (1997) A new subtype of pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(5;12)(q31q33;p12), molecularly and cytogenetically distinct from t(5;12) in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 89, 1716–1722.
Filippini, G., Griffin, S., Uhr, M., et al. (1998) A novel flow cytometric method for the quantification of p53 gene expression. Cytometry 31, 180–186.
Puck, T. T., Cieciura, S. J., and Robinson, A. (1958) Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. III. Long-term cultivation of euploid cells from human and animal subjects. J. Exp. Med. 108, 945–956.
Lieber, M. R., Ma, Y., Pannicke, U., and Schwarz, K. (2003) Mechanism and regulation of human non-homologous DNA end-joining. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 712–720.
Li, G., Nelsen, C., and Hendrickson, E. A. (2002) Ku86 is essential in human somatic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 832–837.
Zhu, C., Bogue, M. A., Lim, D. S., Hasty, P., and Roth, D. B. (1996) Ku86-deficient mice exhibit severe combined immunodeficiency and defective processing of V(D)J recombination intermediates. Cell 86, 379–389.
Aratani, Y., Okazaki, R., and Koyama, H. (1992) End extension repair of introduced targeting vectors mediated by homologous recombination in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 4795–4801.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Adachi, N., Kurosawa, A., Koyama, H. (2008). Highly Proficient Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination in the Human Pre-B Cell Line Nalm-6. In: Davis, G.D., Kayser, K.J. (eds) Chromosomal Mutagenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 435. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-232-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-232-8_2
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-899-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-232-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols