Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Long-Term Care Reforms in the Netherlands

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Reforms in Long-Term Care Policies in Europe

Abstract

The foundation of the current Dutch long-term care system dates back to the end of the 1960s, when a compulsory social insurance to cover the costs of “exceptional medical expenses” (AWBZ) was introduced. Since then, the system has undergone a continuous process of reform. This chapter first reconstructs the original logic of the system through a historical and institutional analysis. The trends toward reform are then considered, looking at how the problem of change has been constructed and at the actors playing a relevant role in this process. Over the last decades, different logics have been adopted in the innovation of the system, ranging from the redefinition of eligibility criteria and resource allocation (deinstitutionalization of the service provision system and restrictions in access) to changes introduced in the governance of long-term care (users’ empowerment), to the redefinition of the boundaries of the system as such (the separation of care from household assistance and the shift of psychiatric cases to the healthcare system). All these aspects are described and critically reviewed in order to understand the directions and impacts of institutional change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The “Homes for the Elderly Act” (WBO) of 1963 established national regulations for care homes for older people.

  2. 2.

    The employer withholds the employees’ contributions from their wages and pays them to the tax authorities. Nonemployees liable for tax and national insurance contributions pay the AWBZ contribution based on an assessment made by the tax authorities. Insured people under the age of fifteen, and above fifteen with no personal income, are not liable to pay contributions.

  3. 3.

    There is only one exception allowed regarding this rule for equal premiums for all under the same insurer: the case of collective insurance by employers for all their employees. The reduction, however, cannot exceed 10 %.

  4. 4.

    In 2007 840,214 people received AWBZ-financed care. 653,300 were aged 65 and above, 490,130 of which received extramural care (CBS 2008: 122–123)

References

  • Algera M., Francke, A. L., Kerkstra, A., & van der Zee J. J. (2003). An evaluation of the new home-care needs assessment policy in the Netherlands. Health and Social Care in the Community, 11(3), 232–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arts, S. E. J. (2002). Caring as an occupation: Content and quality of working life among home helps. Utrecht: Mastricht: Universiteit van Maastricht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arts, W., & Gelissen, J. (2002). Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? A state- of-the-art report. Journal of European Social Policy, 12(2), 137–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardol, M., Marangos, A. M., & Rijken, M. (2008). Individuele ondersteuning in de periode 2004 tot en met 2007. In A. M. Marangos, M. Cardol, & M. de Klerk (Eds.), Ondersteuning en participatie van mensen met een lichamelijke beperking. Een jaar na invoering van de Wmo. Tweede tussenrapportage WMO evaluatie (pp. 21–34). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardol, M., & Rijken, M. (2010). Individuele ondersteuning in de periode 2004 tot en met 2008. In A. M Marangos, M. Cardol, M. Dijkgraaf, & M. Klerk (Eds.), Ondersteuning en participatie van mensen met een lichamelijke beperking. Twee jaar na invoering van de Wmo. Vierde tussenrapportage WMO evaluatie (pp. 24–35). Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau/NIVEL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centrum Indicatiestelling Zorg. (2005). Protocol gebruikelijke zorg. Driebergen: Centrum Indicatiestelling Zorg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commissie Structuur en Financiering Gezondheidszorg (Commissie Dekker). (1987). Bereidheid tot verandering (Willingness to Change). The Hague: Commissie Structuur en Financiering Gezondheidszorg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commissie Sociaal-Economische Deskundigen. (1999). Gezondheitzorg in het licht van de toekomstige vergrijzing. The Hague: Sociaal-Economische Raad.

    Google Scholar 

  • College van Zorgverzekeringen. (2007). Pakketadvies 2007. Publicatie 248. Diemen: CVZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • College van Zorgverzekeringen. (2009). Pakketadvies 2009. Publicatie 274. Diemen: CVZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Roit, B. (2010). Strategies of care. Changing Elderly Care Policies and Practices in Italy and the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, A., & de Klerk, M. (2006). Physical disabilities and Care. In A. de Boer (Ed.). Report on the Elderly 2006. Changes in the Lives and Living Situations of the Elderly Persons in the Netherlands. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, A. (1999). Housing and care for older people: a Macro-Micro perspective. Nederlandse Geografische Studies 253. Utrecht: Urban Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Klerk, M., Gilsing, R., & Timmermans, J. (Eds). (2010). Op weg met de WMO. Evaluatie van de wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning 2007–2009. Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Den Draak, M. (2010). Kortdurende thuiszorg in de AWBZ. Een verkenning van omvang, profiel en afbakening. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggink E., Oudijk D., & Woittiez, I. (2010). Zorgen voor zorg ramingen van de vraag naar personeel in de verpleging en verzorging tot 2030. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggink, E., Pommer, E., & Woittiez, I. (2008). De ontwikkeling van AWBZ-uitgaven. Een analyse van awbz-uitgaven 1985–2005 en een raming van de uitgaven voor verpleging en verzorging 2005–2030. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations of post-industrial economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eyck, A., & Peerenboom, P. B. (2006). Revalidatie in nederland. De grenzen van AWBZ en ZVW. Leusden: ETC Tangram.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, R. E., & Smitsman, A. (2000). Placing welfare states: The Netherlands as a crucial test case. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 2(138), 39–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green-Pedersen, C. (2001). Welfare-state retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands, 1982–1998: The role of party competition and party consensus. Comparative Political Studies, 34(9), 963–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grootegoed, E., Knijn, T., & Da Roit, B. (2010). Relatives as paid caregivers: how family carers experience payments for care. Ageing and Society, 30(3), 467–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helderman, J. K., Schut, F. T., Van der Grinten, T. E. D., & Van de Ven, W. (2005). Market oriented health care reforms and policy learning in the Netherlands. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 30(1/2), 189–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobzone, S., Cambois, E., Chaplain, E., & Robine. J. M. (1999). The health of older persons in OECD countries: is it improving fast enough to compensate for population ageing? Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers 37. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knijn, T. (2001). Care work: innovations in the Netherlands. In M. Daly (Ed.), Care Work. The quest for security (pp. 159–174). Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knijn, T., & Da Roit, B. (2008). Working and caring for an older parent in the Netherlands, WOUPS Project. Dutch National Report on the qualitative study. Woups project, August 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knijn, T., & Verhagen, S. (2007). Contested professionalism. Payments for care and the quality of home care. Administration and Society, 34(4), 451–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraan, R., Baldock, J., Davies, B., Evers, A., Johansson, L., Knapen, M., Thorslund, M., & Tunissen, C. (1991). Care for the elderly: Significant Innovations in Three European Countries. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, M. (2006). Consumers in charge: The Dutch personal budget and its impact on the market, professionals and the family. European Societies, 8(3), 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, D. Th., Bremmer, C. (1983). ‘Van verzorgingsstaat naar verzorgingsmaatschappij’. Aantekening over de christendemochratische inzet in de jaren ’80, in Extra Editie CdAktueel, Oktober 32–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, D. Th., Bremmer, C. (1987). Discussienota over de verantwoortelijke samenleving. The Hague: CDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landelijke Vereniging van Indicatieorganen. (2003). Werkdocument gebruikelijke zorg. The Hague: LVIO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miltenburg, T., Ramakers, C. (1998). Beleidsgerichte evaluatie persoonsgebonden budget 1996–1997. Nijmegen: Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociale Wetenschappen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS). (2007). Feiten en cijfers persoonsgebonden budget, Retreived from http://www.minvws.nl/dossiers/persoonsgebonden_budget_pgb/feiten-en-cijfers-pgb/

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (1996a). Ageing in OECD countries. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (1996b). Caring for frail elderly people. Policies in evolution. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2009). Society at a glance 2009, OECD Social Indicators. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2010). OECD Health Data 2010. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/document/30/0,3746,en_2649_37407_12968734_1_1_1_37407,00.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennings, P. (2010). Exploring variations in the political discourse on public sector reforms, 1981–2005. Public Management Review, 12(2), 173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plas, L., Noordhuizen, B., & van Vree, F. (2008). Wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning. Het aflopen van het overgangsrecht: effecten voor cliënten, gemeenten en thuiszorgorganisaties. Eindrapport. Een onderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Zoetermeer: Research voor Beleid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raad voor Volksgezondheid en Zorg. (2003). Van patiënt tot klant. Zoetermeer: RVZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raad voor Volksgezondheid en Zorg. (2008). Schaal en zorg. Den Haag: RVZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramakers C., de Graauw, K., Sombekke, E., Vierke, H., Doesborgh, J., & Woldringh, C. (2007). Evaluatie persoonsgebonden budget nieuwe stijl 2005–2006. Eindrapport. Nijmegen: ITS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schut, F. T. (1995). Health care reform in the Netherlands: Balancing corporatism, etatism, and market mechanisms. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 20(3), 615–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schut, F. T., & van den Berg, B. (2010). Sustainability of comprehensive universal long-term care insurance in the Netherlands. Social Policy and Administration, 44(4), 411–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sociaal-Economische Raad (SER). (2000). Naar een gezond stelsel van ziektekostenverzekeringen. Advies uitgebracht aan de Minister van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Publicatienummer 12. Den Haag: Sociaal-Economische Raad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sociaal-Economische Raad (SER). (2008). Advies Langdurige zorg verzekerd: Over de toekomst van de AWBZ. Den Haag: Sociaal-Economische Raad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau. (2002). De kwaliteit van de quartaire sector. Sociaal en Cultureel Rapport 2002. The Hague: SCP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolk Elly A., & Rutten, H. (2005). The ‘Health Benefit Basket’ in The Netherlands. European Journal of Health Economics, 6, S53–S57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trappenburg M. (2005). Fighting sectional interests in health care. Health Care Analysis, 13(3), 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Campen, C. (2009). Profielen van vragers naar AWBZ-GGZ. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Heuvel, W. (1997). Policy towards the elderly: Twenty-Five years of Dutch experience. Journal of Aging Studies, 11(3), 251–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Wijngaart, M., & Ramakers, C. (2004). Monitor budgethouders pgb nieuwe stijl. Eindrapport. Nijmegen: ITS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Velden, H. (1996). The Dutch health services before compulsory health insurance, 1900–1941. Social History of Medicine, 9(1), 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ewijk, H., & Kelder, T. (1999). Who Cares? An overview of the Dutch system of health care and welfare. Utrecht: Netherlands Institute of Care and Welfare (NIZW).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gameren, E. (2005). Regionale verschillen in de wachtlijsten verpleging en verzorging. Een empirisch onderzoek naar verklarende factoren. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Oorschot, W. (2006). The Dutch welfare state: Recent trends and challenges in historical perspective. European Journal of Social Security, 8(1), 57–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissert, W. G., & Cready, C. M. (1989). A prospective budgeting model for home and community-based long-term care. Inquiry, I 116–129.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social Policy and Intervention Studies (SOPINS), Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Barbara Da Roit

Authors
  1. Barbara Da Roit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Da Roit .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Economic Sociology, Milan Polytechnic, VIA BONARDI 3, MILANO, 20133, Italy

    Costanzo Ranci

  2. , Economic Sociology, University of Macerata, Don Minzoni 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy

    Emmanuele Pavolini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Da Roit, B. (2013). Long-Term Care Reforms in the Netherlands. In: Ranci, C., Pavolini, E. (eds) Reforms in Long-Term Care Policies in Europe. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4502-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation