Regular ArticleSymmetry and Asymmetry of Human Spatial Memory☆
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Non-spatial similarity can bias spatial distances in a cognitive map
2022, CognitionCitation Excerpt :For example, Sadalla and Magel (1980) observed that the judged distance from a salient location to a non-salient location was shorter than when the non-salient location was the reference point and the salient location was the endpoint. McNamara and Diwadkar (1997) also observed such effect. In addition, Holyoak and Mah (1982) found distance bias is stronger between endpoint close to reference point.
Human navigation in curved spaces
2022, CognitionCitation Excerpt :For example, participants were asked to estimate distances between pairs of campus/city locations with either a memorable landmark or an unknown location as a reference point. When the landmark was the reference point, other locations were judged as being closer to it than vice versa (McNamara & Diwadkar, 1997; Sadalla, Burroughs, & Staplin, 1980). Other evidence shows similar violations, such that when participants were asked to estimate straight-line distance between points on a route, distance estimates are greater when a route contains a barrier or detour, compared to when the route is relatively direct (Thorndyke, 1981).
Wormholes in virtual space: From cognitive maps to cognitive graphs
2017, CognitionCitation Excerpt :Directional estimates in humans are highly unreliable, with absolute angular errors of 20–100° and angular standard deviations on the order of 30° (Chrastil & Warren, 2013; Foo et al., 2005; Ishikawa & Montello, 2006; Meilinger, Riecke, & Bülthoff, 2014; Schinazi et al., 2013; Waller & Greenauer, 2007; Weisberg et al., 2014), while junctions tend to be orthogonalized to 90° (Byrne, 1979). Distance estimates are biased by the number of intervening junctions, turns, and boundaries, and are asymmetric between more and less salient places (Burroughs & Sadalla, 1979; Byrne, 1979; Cadwallader, 1979; Kosslyn, Pick, & Fariello, 1974; McNamara & Diwadkar, 1997; Sadalla & Magel, 1980; Sadalla & Staplin, 1980; Tversky, 1992). People often fail to integrate learned routes, and cross-route estimates are generally poor (Golledge, Ruggles, Pellegrino, & Gale, 1993; Ishikawa & Montello, 2006; Moeser, 1988; Schinazi et al., 2013; Weisberg et al., 2014).
Spatial Memory and Navigation
2017, Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive ReferenceMetric information in cognitive maps: Euclidean embedding of non-Euclidean environments
2023, PLoS Computational Biology
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The research described in this paper was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants BNS 8820224 and SBR 9222002. Portions of this work were reported at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, MO, November, 1994. We thank Elizabeth McCullough, Penny Plant, and Melinda Rea for their assistance in conducting the experiments. We are also grateful to David Gilden and to Eric Holman for consultation at various stages of the research, and to Nancy Franklin, Dan Montello, Robert Nosofsky, Nora Newcombe, and Tom Palmeri for comments on the paper.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Timothy P. McNamara, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37240.