Elsevier

Animal Behaviour

Volume 51, Issue 2, February 1996, Pages 451-454
Animal Behaviour

Commentary
Partner preferences in by-product mutualisms and the case of predator inspection in fish

https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0042Get rights and content

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Cited by (33)

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    Of particular interest for cognitive scientists are systems in which individuals flexibly decide whether or not to cooperate in a given situation and selectively choose among potential cooperation partners that possess different qualities. Such flexible decisions have been described for species of different taxonomic groups, ranging from mammals to birds and fish, that team up for accessing food, raising young, avoiding predators and defending resources [3–5]. Well-known examples are the cooperative hunting of carnivores [6] and coalition formation during fights in primates [7].

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    The free-shoaling nature of our set-up prevented teasing apart the partner preferences of individual fish but future work should seek to explore this. Fifth, it has been proposed that cooperation in predator inspection may be a form of by-product mutualism (Connor 1996; Stephens et al. 1997). Unlike reciprocal altruism, in this theory, inspection is individually more beneficial than observing the inspection of another, removing the temptation to defect.

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Correspondence: R. C. Connor, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. (email: [email protected]).

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