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浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）
浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)  2014, Vol. 40 Issue (6): 638-646    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.01.074
农业科学     
“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况
张宇阳1， 王军峰1， 沙志鹏1， 关法春1,2*， 段晶1
(1.西藏大学农牧学院，西藏 林芝 860000；2.中国科学院青藏高原研究所，北京 100101)
Weeds biodiversity and maize growth in agro-pastoral integration system.
Zhang Yuyang1, Wang Junfeng1, Sha Zhipeng1, Guan Fachun1,2*, Duan Jing1
(1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Linzhi 860000, Tibet， China; 2. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)
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摘要： 通过对农牧一体化和传统种植方式下玉米(Zea mays)田间杂草群落结构、玉米性状特征进行调查，统计分析放牧前后各杂草群落中杂草种类、功能类群、生物多样性指数，并对比研究各处理下玉米的生长状况.结果表明：从田间杂草群落结构来看，放牧前农牧一体化处理田间杂草 7种，对照12种，农牧一体化处理的杂草总密度是对照的2.20倍，处理间杂草总密度在统计学上差异显著(P<0.05)，农牧一体化处理的杂草优势种单一且多度分配比例大；放牧后，农牧一体化处理和对照的物种数较放牧前分别减少了4和6种，农牧一体化处理的杂草总密度是对照的3.44倍，处理间杂草总密度在统计学上差异仍显著(P<0.05)，对照的优势种单一且多度分配比例大.从杂草功能类群结构来看，放牧前各处理双子叶一年生或越年生被子植物杂草功能类群占据较大优势，且放牧后其多度分配比例均有所提高.从杂草群落生产力来看，放牧前后农牧一体化处理生物量分别是对照处理的5.42倍和4.79倍，处理间生物量在统计学上差异极显著(P<0.01).从杂草群落多样性来看，放牧前农牧一体化处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Simpson多样性指数分别是对照的1.15倍、1.25倍和1.08倍，但其Pielou均匀度指数较低；放牧后农牧一体化处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Simpson多样性指数是对照的1.29倍、1.64倍和1.10倍，其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数处理间在统计学上差异显著(P<0.05)，对照Pielou均匀度指数是农牧一体化处理的1.10倍，处理间在统计学上差异显著(P<0.05).放牧前，不同处理杂草群落的相似性系数为0.76，放牧后其相似度系数降低了0.23.从玉米植株性状来看，在农牧一体化处理下，吐丝期和成熟期的玉米株高、叶长、叶宽、穗位和茎粗均大于对照，玉米单株叶面积在放牧后有所降低，同时玉米植株的叶绿素在2个时期均低于对照.从玉米产量来看，农牧一体化处理较对照减产6.22%，但其减产所带来的损失可由鹅的产出得以补偿并获得更高的经济效益.总之，农牧一体化处理在维持了较高的田间杂草多样性的同时，对玉米产量影响较小.
Abstract: Weeds have direct impact on crop quality and yield in agricultural systems. Reasonable weed management should protect or improve the biodiversity of farmland weed communities for a better ecological environment with not only increasing crop yield, but also reducing use of herbicides. Based on the study of weeds community structure and the agronomic characters of maize in the two production patterns, i.e.,“agro-pastoral integration” (hereinafter referred to as API) and conventional maize planting (hereinafter referred to as CK), this paper analyzed the differences of weed species, their functional groups and biodiversity indices before and after grazing. Comparison of maize growth in the two treatments was also drawn in this paper. It was shown that before grazing there were 17 different kinds of weeds in API and 12 in CK, and the total weed density in API was 2.20 times as much as that in CK, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). It was also noted that in API, the abundance distribution of the dominant weed was considerably large. However, after grazing the weed in API and CK reduced by 4 and 6 species and the total weed density of API was 3.44 times as much as that of CK, showing a significant difference (P<0.05) between the two treatments. From the perspective of functional group, both of the treatments were dominated by dicotyledonous angiosperm and annual and biennial (DA) and its abundance further increased after grazing. With regard to productivity of weed community, the biomass in API was 5.42 times as much as that in CK before grazing and 4.79 times after grazing, showing a highly significant difference (P<0.01). In terms of diversity, before grazing the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef and Simpson diversity indices in API were respectively 1.15, 1.25 and 1.08 times as much as those in CK, but the Pielou evenness index was low. After grazing, however, those indexes in API were 1.29, 1.64 and 1.10 times as much as those in CK. Among them, the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef diversity indices between the two treatments were quite different (P<0.05); and the Pielou evenness index in CK was 1.10 times as much as that of API, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). The similarity index of weed community was 0.76 before grazing, and it decreased to 0.23 after grazing. As for the agronomic characteristics of maize, at its silking and maturity stages, the values of plant height, leaf length and width, ear height and stem diameter of maize in API were all higher, but its chlorophyll content in the leaf was low compared with CK. It was also noted that the leaf area in API decreased after grazing. With respect to its yield, though API resulted in a yield reduction of 6.22%, the loss, however, could be compensated or even overcompensated by the producing of geese. In conclusion, API is able to maintain higher weed diversity in the field and at the same time, has slightly impact on the yield of maize.
出版日期: 2014-11-20
CLC:  S 181  
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关法春1
2*
段晶1
张宇阳1
王军峰1
沙志鹏1

引用本文:

张宇阳1， 王军峰1， 沙志鹏1， 关法春1,2*， 段晶1. “农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2014, 40(6): 638-646.

Zhang Yuyang1, Wang Junfeng1, Sha Zhipeng1, Guan Fachun1,2*, Duan Jing1. Weeds biodiversity and maize growth in agro-pastoral integration system.. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2014, 40(6): 638-646.

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http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.01.074    或    http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/Y2014/V40/I6/638

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